Form: 10-K

Annual report pursuant to Section 13 and 15(d)

February 22, 2021

10-K: Annual report pursuant to Section 13 and 15(d)

Published on February 22, 2021

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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

   ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020

   TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

OMEGA HEALTHCARE INVESTORS, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Maryland

1-11316

38-3041398

(Omega Healthcare Investors, Inc.)

(Omega Healthcare Investors, Inc.)

(Omega Healthcare Investors, Inc.)

(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

(Commission file number)

(IRS Employer Identification No.)

303 International Circle, Suite 200, Hunt Valley, MD 21030

(Address of principal executive offices)

(410) 427-1700

(Telephone number, including area code)

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Registrant

    

Title of Each Class

Trading Symbol (s)

Name of Exchange on
Which Registered

 

Omega Healthcare Investors, Inc.

Common Stock, $.10 Par Value

OHI

New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.

Yes No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding twelve months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one:)

Large accelerated filer

Accelerated filer

Non-accelerated filer

Smaller reporting company

Emerging growth company

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act.

Yes No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.

Yes No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).

Yes No

The aggregate market value of the common stock Omega Healthcare Investors, Inc. held by non-affiliates was $6,747,008,166 as of June 30, 2020, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter. The aggregate market value was computed using the $29.73 closing price per share for such stock on the New York Stock Exchange on such date.

As of February 12, 2021, there were 231,776,284 shares of Omega Healthcare Investors, Inc. common stock outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Proxy Statement for the registrant’s 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission no later than 120 days after December 31, 2020, is incorporated by reference in Part III herein.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

PART I

Item 1.

Business

2

Overview; Recent Events

2

Summary of Financial Information by Asset Category

3

Description of the Business

4

Taxation of Omega

5

Government Regulation and Reimbursement

6

Information about our Executive Officers

13

Item 1A.

Risk Factors

14

Item 1B.

Unresolved Staff Comments

27

Item 2.

Properties

28

Item 3.

Legal Proceedings

29

Item 4.

Mine Safety Disclosures

29

PART II

Item 5.

Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

29

Item 6.

Selected Financial Data

30

Item 7.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

30

Forward-Looking Statements and Factors Affecting Future Results

30

Overview and Outlook

31

2020 and Recent Highlights

33

Portfolio and Other Developments

33

Asset Sales, Impairments, Contractual Receivables and Lease Inducements

34

Results of Operations

38

Liquidity and Capital Resources

40

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

45

Item7A.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

46

Item 8.

Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

47

Item 9.

Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

47

Item 9A.

Controls and Procedures

47

Item 9B.

Other Information

48

PART III

Item 10.

Directors, Executive Officers of the Registrant and Corporate Governance

49

Item 11.

Executive Compensation

49

Item 12.

Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

49

Item 13.

Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

50

Item 14.

Principal Accountant Fees and Services

50

PART IV

Item 15.

Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

51

Item 16.

Summary

51

1

Item 1 – Business

Overview; Recent Events

Omega Healthcare Investors, Inc. (“Omega”) was incorporated in the state of Maryland on March 31, 1992, and has elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) for federal income tax purposes. Omega is structured as an umbrella partnership REIT (“UPREIT”) under which all of Omega's assets are owned directly or indirectly by, and all of Omega's operations are conducted directly or indirectly through, its operating partnership subsidiary, OHI Healthcare Properties Limited Partnership, a Delaware limited partnership (“Omega OP”). Unless stated otherwise or the context otherwise requires, the terms “Omega”, the “Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” refer to Omega Healthcare Investors, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, including Omega OP, references to Parent refer to Omega Healthcare Investors, Inc. without regard to its consolidated subsidiaries, and references to “Omega OP” mean OHI Healthcare Properties Limited Partnership and its consolidated subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2020, Parent owned approximately 97% of the issued and outstanding units of partnership interest in Omega OP (“Omega OP Units”), and other investors owned approximately 3% of the outstanding Omega OP Units.

Omega has one reportable segment consisting of investments in healthcare-related real estate properties located in the United States (“U.S.”) and the United Kingdom (“U.K.”). Our core business is to provide financing and capital to the long-term healthcare industry with a particular focus on skilled nursing facilities (“SNFs”), assisted living facilities (“ALFs”), and to a lesser extent, independent living facilities (“ILFs”), rehabilitation and acute care facilities (“specialty facilities”) and medical office buildings (“MOBs”). Our core portfolio consists of long-term leases and mortgage agreements. All of our leases to our operators are “triple-net” leases, which require the operators (we use the term “operator” to refer to our tenants and mortgagors and their affiliates who manage and/or operate our properties) to pay all property-related expenses. Our mortgage revenue derives from fixed rate mortgage loans, which are secured by first mortgage liens on the underlying real estate and personal property of the mortgagor. Our other investment income derives from fixed and variable rate loans to our operators to fund working capital and capital expenditures. These loans, which may be either unsecured or secured by the collateral of the borrower, are classified as other investments.      

On January 20, 2021, we acquired 24 senior living facilities from Healthpeak Properties, Inc. for $510 million. The acquisition involved the assumption of an in-place master lease with Brookdale Senior Living. The master lease provides for 2021 contractual rent of approximately $43.5 million, and includes 24 facilities representing 2,552 operating units located in Arizona (1), California (1), Florida (1), Illinois (1), New Jersey (1), Oregon (6), Pennsylvania (1), Tennessee (1), Texas (6), Virginia (1), and Washington (4).

In February 2021, we sold 16 facilities for approximately $149.6 million in cash proceeds and recorded a gain on sale of approximately $94.4 million.  These 16 facilities were held for sale as of December 31, 2020 with a carrying value of approximately $49.3 million.

In 2020, we completed the following transactions totaling approximately $258 million in new investments:

Acquisition of eight SNFs and three ALFs for approximately $104 million from unrelated third parties.  The facilities are located in the U.K., Indiana, Ohio and Virginia, and were added to the existing operators’ master leases with initial cash yields between 8.0% and 9.5%.
$43 million of investments in two SNF mortgages.  
$111 million of investments in capital expenditure and construction projects.

As of December 31, 2020, our portfolio of investments included 967 healthcare facilities located in 40 states and the U.K. and operated by 69 third-party operators and was made up of the following:

738 SNFs, 115 ALFs, 28 specialty facilities and two MOBs;
fixed rate mortgages on 56 SNFs, three ALFs and three specialty facilities; and
22 facilities held for sale.

As of December 31, 2020, our investments in these facilities, net of impairments and allowances, totaled approximately $9.7 billion. In addition, we held other investments of approximately $467.4 million, consisting primarily of secured loans to third-party operators of our facilities and $200.6 million of investment in five unconsolidated joint ventures.

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For the year ended December 31, 2020, we have collected substantially all of the contractual rents owed to us from our operators.  However, the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on our operators.  Many of our operators have reported incurring significant cost increases and declines in occupancy as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. While government relief measures at the federal and state levels, including expanded Medicaid reimbursements, have offered meaningful support to offset a portion of these cost increases and impacts to our SNF operators, and to a lesser extent our ALF operators, we cannot at this time estimate the net impact going forward to these operators, and we cannot estimate the extent to which operators will receive additional governmental relief. For further discussion of the impact of COVID-19, See Item 7 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Overview and Outlook.

While we continue to believe that longer term demographics will drive increasing demand for needs-based skilled nursing care, we expect the uncertainties to our business described above to persist at least for the near term until we can gain more visibility into the costs our operators will experience and for how long, and the level of additional governmental support that will be available to them, the potential support our operators may request from us and the future demand for needs-based skilled nursing care and senior living facilities. We continue to monitor the impact of occupancy declines at many of our operators, and it remains uncertain whether and when demand and occupancy levels will return to pre-COVID-19 levels.

Summary of Financial Information by Asset Category

The following table summarizes our revenues by asset category for 2020, 2019 and 2018. (See Item 7 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, Note 3 – Properties, Note 4 – Direct Financing Leases, Note 5 – Mortgage Notes Receivable and Note 6 – Other Investments).

Revenues by Asset Category

(in thousands)

Year Ended December 31, 

    

2020

    

2019

    

2018

Real estate related income:

Rental income

$

753,427

$

804,076

$

767,340

Income from direct financing leases

 

1,033

 

1,036

 

1,636

Mortgage interest income

 

89,422

 

76,542

 

70,312

Total real estate related revenues

 

843,882

 

881,654

 

839,288

Other investment income

 

44,864

 

43,400

 

40,228

Miscellaneous income

 

3,635

 

3,776

 

2,166

Total operating revenues

$

892,381

$

928,830

$

881,682

The following table summarizes our real estate assets by asset category as of December 31, 2020 and 2019:

Assets by Category

(in thousands)

As of December 31, 

    

2020

    

2019

Real estate assets:

Buildings

$

6,961,509

$

7,056,106

Land

 

883,765

 

901,246

Furniture, fixtures and equipment

 

518,664

 

515,421

Site improvements

 

308,087

 

287,655

Construction in progress

 

30,129

 

225,566

Total real estate assets

 

8,702,154

 

8,985,994

Investments in direct financing leases - net

 

10,764

 

11,488

Mortgage notes receivable - net

 

885,313

 

773,563

Assets held for sale

 

81,452

 

4,922

Total real estate related assets

 

9,679,683

 

9,775,967

Other investments - net

 

467,442

 

419,228

Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures

 

200,638

 

199,884

Total investments

$

10,347,763

$

10,395,079

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Description of the Business

Investment Strategy. We maintain a portfolio of long-term healthcare facilities and mortgages on healthcare facilities located in the U.S. and the U.K. Our investments are generally geographically diverse and operated by a diverse group of established, middle-market healthcare operators that we believe meet our standards for quality and experience of management and creditworthiness. Our criteria for evaluating potential investments includes but is not limited to:

the quality and experience of management and the creditworthiness of the operator of the facility;

the facility’s historical and forecasted cash flow and its ability to meet operational needs, capital expenditure requirements and lease or debt service obligations;

the construction quality, condition and design of the facility;

the location of the facility;

the tax, growth, regulatory and reimbursement environment of the applicable jurisdiction;

the occupancy rate for the facility and demand for similar healthcare facilities in the same or nearby communities; and

the payor mix of private, Medicare and Medicaid patients at the facility.

As healthcare delivery continues to evolve, we continuously evaluate potential investments, as well as our assets, operators and markets to position our portfolio for long-term success. Our strategy includes applying data analytics to our investment underwriting and asset management, as well as selling or transitioning assets that do not meet our portfolio criteria.

We prefer to invest in equity ownership of properties. Due to regulatory, tax or other considerations, we may pursue alternative investment structures, such as mortgages and investments in joint ventures. The following summarizes our primary investment structures. The average annualized yields described below reflect obligations under existing contractual arrangements. However, due to the nature of the long-term care industry, we cannot assure that the operators of our facilities will meet their payment obligations in full or when due. Therefore, the annualized yields as of December 31, 2020, set forth below, are not necessarily indicative of future yields, which may be lower.

We seek to obtain (i) contractual rent escalations under long-term, non-cancelable, “triple-net” leases and (ii) fixed-rate mortgage loans. We also typically seek to obtain substantial liquidity deposits, covenants regarding minimum working capital and net worth, liens on accounts receivable and other operating assets, and various provisions for cross-default, cross-collateralization and corporate and/or personal guarantees, when appropriate.

Triple-Net Operating Leases. Triple-net operating leases typically range from 5 to 15 years, plus renewal options. Our leases generally provide for minimum annual rents that are subject to annual escalators. At December 31, 2020, our average annualized yield from operating leases was approximately 9.7%. At December 31, 2020, approximately 93% of our operating leases have initial lease terms expiring after 2025. The majority of our leased real estate properties are leased under provisions of master lease agreements that govern more than one facility and to a lesser extent we lease facilities under single facility leases.

Fixed-Rate Mortgages. Our mortgages typically have a fixed interest rate for the mortgage term and are secured by first mortgage liens on the underlying real estate and personal property of the mortgagor. At December 31, 2020, our average annualized yield on these investments was approximately 10.4%. At December 31, 2020, approximately 84% of our mortgages have primary terms that expire after 2025.

The table set forth in Item 2 – Properties contains information regarding our properties and investments as of December 31, 2020.

Borrowing Policies. We generally attempt to match the maturity of our indebtedness with the maturity of our investment assets and employ long-term, fixed-rate debt to the extent practicable in view of market conditions in existence from time to time.

We may use the proceeds of new indebtedness to finance our investments in additional healthcare facilities. In addition, we may invest in properties subject to existing loans, secured by mortgages, deeds of trust or similar liens on properties.

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Policies With Respect To Certain Activities. With respect to our capital requirements, we typically rely on equity offerings, debt financing and retention of cash flow (subject to provisions in the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) concerning taxability of undistributed REIT taxable income), or a combination of these methods. Our financing alternatives include bank borrowings, publicly or privately placed debt instruments, purchase money obligations to the sellers of assets or securitizations, any of which may be issued as secured or unsecured indebtedness. We have the authority to issue our common stock or other equity or debt securities in exchange for property and to repurchase or otherwise reacquire our securities. Subject to the percentage of ownership limitations and gross income and asset tests necessary for REIT qualification, we may invest in securities of other REITs, other entities engaged in real estate activities or securities of other issuers, including for the purpose of exercising control over such entities. We may engage in the purchase and sale of investments. We do not underwrite the securities of other issuers. Our officers and directors may change any of these policies without a vote of our stockholders. In the opinion of our management, our properties are adequately covered by insurance.

Competition. The healthcare industry is highly competitive and will likely become more competitive in the future. We face competition in making and pricing new investments from other public and private REITs, investment companies, private equity and hedge fund investors, healthcare operators, lenders, developers and other institutional investors, some of whom have greater resources and lower costs of capital than us.  We believe our use of data analytics to underwrite investments and manage our portfolio may provide us a competitive advantage. In addition, a significant amount of our rental and mortgage income is generally derived from facilities in states that require state approval for development and expansion of healthcare facilities. We believe that such state approvals may reduce competition for our operators and enhance the value of our properties. Our operators compete on a local and regional basis with operators of facilities that provide comparable services. The basis of competition for our operators includes, amongst other factors, the quality of care provided, reputation, the physical appearance of a facility, price, the range of services offered, family preference, alternatives for healthcare delivery, the supply of competing properties, physicians, staff, referral sources, location and the size and demographics of the population and surrounding areas.

Increased competition makes it more challenging for us to identify and successfully capitalize on opportunities that meet our objectives. Our ability to compete is also impacted by national and local economic trends, availability of investment alternatives, availability and cost of capital, construction and renovation costs, existing laws and regulations, new legislation and population trends.

Taxation of Omega

Omega elected to be taxed as a REIT, under Sections 856 through 860 of the Code, beginning with our taxable year ended December 31, 1992. To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must continue to meet certain tests that, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. Provided we maintain our qualification as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent such net income is distributed to our stockholders annually. Even if we continue to qualify as a REIT, we will continue to be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and property. We believe that we were organized and have operated in such a manner as to qualify for taxation as a REIT. We intend to continue to operate in a manner that will allow us to maintain our qualification as a REIT, but no assurance can be given that we have operated or will be able to continue to operate in a manner so as to qualify or remain qualified as a REIT.

We have utilized, and may continue to utilize, one or more taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”) to engage in activities that REITs may be prohibited from performing, including the provision of management and other services to third parties and the conduct of certain nonqualifying real estate transactions. Our TRSs generally are taxable as regular corporations, and therefore, subject to federal, state and local income taxes.

To the extent that we do not distribute all of our net capital gain or do distribute at least 90%, but less than 100% of our “REIT taxable income,” as adjusted, we will be subject to tax thereon at regular ordinary and capital gain corporate tax rates. If we were to fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, as a result of a determination that we failed to meet the annual distribution requirement or otherwise, we would be subject to federal income tax, and any applicable alternative minimum tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates with respect to each such taxable year for which the statute of limitations remains open. In addition, we could become subject to certain punitive excise taxes on nonqualified REIT income.  Moreover, unless entitled to relief under certain statutory provisions, we also would be disqualified from treatment as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which qualification is lost. This treatment would significantly reduce our net earnings and cash flow because of our additional tax liability for the years involved, which could significantly impact our financial condition.

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All of our investments are held directly or through entities owned by Omega OP. Omega OP is a pass through entity for United States federal income tax purposes, and therefore we are required to take into account our allocable share of each item of Omega OP’s income, gain, loss, deduction, and credit for any taxable year of Omega OP ending within or with our taxable year, without regard to whether we have received or will receive any distribution from Omega OP. Although a partnership agreement for pass through entities generally will determine the allocation of income and losses among partners, such allocations will be disregarded for tax purposes if they do not comply with the provisions of the Code and Treasury Regulations governing partnership allocations. If an allocation is not recognized for federal income tax purposes, the item subject to the allocation will be reallocated in accordance with the partners’ interests in the partnership, which will be determined by considering all the facts and circumstances relating to the economic arrangement of the partners with respect to such item. While Omega OP should generally not be a taxable entity for federal income tax purposes, any state or local revenue, excise or franchise taxes that result from the operating activities of the Omega OP may be incurred at the entity level.

Investors are strongly urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the potential tax consequences of an investment in us based on such investor’s particular circumstances.

Government Regulation and Reimbursement

The healthcare industry is heavily regulated. Our operators, which are primarily based in the U.S., are subject to extensive and complex federal, state and local healthcare laws and regulations; we also have several U.K.-based operators that are impacted by a variety of laws and regulations in their jurisdiction. These laws and regulations are subject to frequent and substantial changes resulting from the adoption of new legislation, rules and regulations, and administrative and judicial interpretations of existing law. The ultimate timing or effect of these changes, which may be applied retroactively, cannot be predicted. Changes in laws and regulations impacting our operators, in addition to regulatory non-compliance by our operators, can have a significant effect on the operations and financial condition of our operators, which in turn may adversely impact us. There is the potential that we may be subject directly to healthcare laws and regulations because of the broad nature of some of these regulations, such as the Anti-kickback Statute and False Claims Act, among others.

Additionally, emergency legislation, including the CARES Act enacted on March 27, 2020 and discussed below, and temporary changes to regulations and reimbursement in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, continue to have a significant impact on the operations and financial condition of our operators. The extent of the COVID-19 pandemic’s effect on the Company’s and our operators’ operational and financial performance will depend on future developments, including the sufficiency and timeliness of additional governmental relief, the duration, spread and intensity of the outbreak, the impact of new vaccine distributions on our operators and their populations, as well as the difference in how the pandemic may impact SNFs in contrast to ALFs, all of which developments and impacts are uncertain and difficult to predict. Due to these uncertainties, we are not able at this time to estimate the effect of these factors on our business; however, the adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows could be material.  

A significant portion of our operators’ revenue is derived from government-funded reimbursement programs, consisting primarily of Medicare and Medicaid; the balance represents reimbursement payments from alternative payors. As federal and state governments continue to focus on healthcare reform initiatives, efforts to reduce costs by government payors will likely continue, which may result in reductions in reimbursement at both the federal and state levels. Additionally, new and evolving payor and provider programs, including but not limited to Medicare Advantage, dual eligible, value-based purchasing, payments to providers that are tied to quality and efficiency such as the Patient Driven Payment Model, and bundled payments, could adversely impact our tenants’ and operators’ liquidity, financial condition or results of operations, and there can be no assurance that payments under any of these government health care programs are currently, or will be in the future, sufficient to fully reimburse the property operators for their operating and capital expenses. Significant limits on the scope of services reimbursed and/or reductions of reimbursement rates could therefore have a material adverse effect on our operators’ results of operations and financial condition, which could adversely affect our operators’ ability to meet their obligations to us.  

In addition to quality or value based reimbursement reforms, the U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (“CMS”) has implemented a number of initiatives focused on the reporting of certain facility specific quality of care indicators that could affect our operators, including publicly released quality ratings for all of the nursing homes that participate in Medicare or Medicaid under the CMS “Five Star Quality Rating System.” Facility rankings, ranging from five stars (“much above average”) to one star (“much below average”) are updated on a monthly basis. SNFs are required to provide information for the CMS Nursing Home Compare website regarding staffing and quality measures. These rating changes have impacted referrals to SNFs, and it is possible that changes to this system or other ranking systems could lead to future reimbursement policies that reward or penalize facilities on the basis of the reported quality of care parameters.  

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The following is a discussion of certain U.S. laws and regulations generally applicable to our operators, and in certain cases, to us.

Reimbursement Changes Related to COVID-19:

CARES Act and Provider Funds Appropriating $178 Billion.  In response to the pandemic, on March 27, 2020, the CARES Act was signed into law in the U.S. The CARES Act allocates $100 billion to a Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund to “reimburse, through grants or other mechanisms, eligible health care providers for health care related expenses or lost revenues that are attributable to coronavirus.” Certain healthcare operators may be eligible to receive compensation for lost revenue or costs incurred in the course of providing medical services, such as those related to obtaining personal protective equipment (“PPE”), COVID-19 related testing supplies, and increased staffing or training, provided that such costs are not compensated by another source. The Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”) has broad authority and discretion to determine payment eligibility and the amount of such payments.  Congress appropriated an additional $75 billion for healthcare providers through the Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act, which was signed into law on April 24, 2020, and an additional $3 billion was added through a federal stimulus bill enacted in December 2020. HHS is distributing this money through the Provider Relief Fund, and these payments do not need to be repaid to the extent they are used in compliance with the applicable requirements. Certain provisions of the CARES Act related to SNFs and/or ALFs are summarized below.

Distribution of Relief Funds:

Phases 1, 2, 3 General Distributions of $92.5 Billion to Healthcare Providers: HHS announced several distributions of congressional relief funds to healthcare providers, including
A Phase 1 General Distribution of approximately $50 billion to participants in the Medicare program equivalent to 2% of their annual revenue,
A Phase 2 General Distribution including $18 billion in funding to be provided to providers that participate in Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance Program as well as ALF providers (up to 2% of their annual revenues) but who had not received funding in the initial rounds, and
A Phase 3 General Distribution of $20 billion in funding for frontline healthcare providers, including SNFs and ALFs, dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic, which is intended to take into account financial losses caused by COVID-19.  In December 2020, HHS announced an additional $4.5 billion in Phase 3 General Distribution funding, with nursing homes receiving $1.10 billion in federal funding as part of the Phase 3 General Distribution. Providers that have already received relief fund payments may also apply for these funds, as well as certain behavioral health specialists and previously ineligible health care providers.

In addition, distributions may be conditioned on and subject to operators meeting certain compliance obligations. The ultimate allocation of these distributions to healthcare providers may differ from the methodology initially announced by HHS, in which distributions would be based on prior Medicare reimbursements or historical net patient revenue. 

Additional Targeted SNF Distributions of Approximately $9.5 Billion: In 2020, HHS announced several rounds of targeted distributions to skilled nursing facilities, including
A first round of approximately $4.9 billion announced in May 2020 to Medicare-certified SNFs from the Provider Relief Fund to offset revenue losses and assist nursing homes with additional costs related to responding to the COVID-19 public health emergency declared by HHS.
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A second round announced from August through September 2020, including additional targeted distributions of $4.5 billion from the Provider Relief Fund in total to SNFs to address critical needs in nursing homes related to infection control, such as the hiring of additional staff, implementing infection control “mentorship” programs with subject matter experts, increased testing, and providing additional technology services to residents who are unable to receive visitors.  The $4.5 billion of distributions included an initial $2.5 billion to be paid out to all Medicare-certified SNFs, as well as a second distribution of approximately $2 billion to be paid out as performance-based incentive payments, based on each nursing home’s infection rates relative to the county it is located in and mortality rates relative to a national standard for nursing homes, with the infection control component accounting for 80% of the incentive payment dollars and the mortality component accounting for 20% of the incentive payment. In October 2020, HHS announced the distribution of approximately $331 million in payments under the Nursing Home Quality Incentive Program for the September 2020 performance period. In December 2020, approximately $523 million in second round payments under the Nursing Home Quality Incentive Program were distributed for the October 2020 performance period. We believe HHS began distributions for the November 2020 performance period in January 2021.

HHS continues to evaluate and provide allocations of, and issue regulation and guidance regarding, grants made under the CARES Act. There are substantial uncertainties regarding the extent to which our operators will receive such funds, the financial impact of receiving such funds on their operations or financial condition, and whether operators will be able to meet the compliance requirements associated with the funds.       

Temporary Suspension of Medicare Sequestration:

SNFs have continued to be impacted by the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2019, which extended Medicare sequestration and Medicare reimbursement cuts to providers and plans by 2% across the board through 2029. However, the CARES Act temporarily suspended Medicare sequestration for the period of May 1, 2020 through December 31, 2020, resulting in an increase in fee-for-service Medicare payments by approximately 2% as compared to what providers would have otherwise received during this period. In exchange for this temporary suspension, the CARES Act also extends the mandatory sequestration policy by an additional one year, i.e., through 2030. The Bipartisan-Bicameral Omnibus COVID Relief Deal passed in December 2020 extended the suspension of the Medicare sequestration until March 31, 2021.

Temporary Suspension of Certain Patient Coverage Criteria and Documentation and Care Requirements:

The CARES Act and a series of temporary waivers and guidance issued by the CMS suspend various Medicare patient coverage criteria as well as documentation and care requirements to provide regulatory relief to ensure patients continue to have adequate access to care notwithstanding the burdens placed on healthcare providers due to the COVID-19 pandemic. These regulatory actions could contribute to a change in census volumes and skilled nursing mix that may not otherwise have occurred.  It remains uncertain when federal and state regulators will resume enforcement of those regulations which are waived or otherwise not being enforced during the public health emergency due to the exercise of enforcement discretion.  

Medicare Accelerated and Advanced Payment Program:

In an effort to increase cash flow to providers impacted by COVID-19, CMS had temporarily expanded the Accelerated and Advance Payment Programs from March 28, 2020 until April 26, 2020 in order to provide accelerated or advance payments during the period of the public health emergency to any Medicare provider or supplier who submitted a request to the appropriate Medicare Administrative Contractor and met the required qualifications. Traditionally repayment of these advance/accelerated payments is set to begin at 90 days, however CMS initially extended the repayment of these accelerated/advance payments to begin 120 days after the date of issuance of the payment and in October 2020, further extended the repayment to begin one year after payment was issued for repayment to occur over an extended period of time.

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Payroll Tax Deferral:

The CARES Act additionally provided payroll tax relief for employers, allowing them to defer payment of employer Social Security taxes that are otherwise owed for wage payments made after March 27, 2020 through December 31, 2020. Instead of depositing these taxes on a next-day or semi-weekly basis, the deposit due date for 50% of the taxes is deferred to December 31, 2021, with the remaining 50% deferred until December 31, 2022.

Quality of Care Initiatives Related to COVID-19:

In addition to COVID-19 reimbursement changes, several regulatory initiatives announced in 2020 focused on addressing quality of care in long-term care facilities, including those related to COVID-19 testing and infection control protocols, staffing levels, reporting requirements, and visitation policies, as well as increased inspection of nursing homes. Recent updates to the Nursing Home Care website and the Five Star Quality Rating System include revisions to the inspection process, adjustment of staffing rating thresholds and the implementation of new quality measures. While, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, CMS made changes to, or temporarily suspended the collection and reporting of, certain survey inspection, staffing levels and quality measures, which impacted the information posted on the Nursing Home Compare website and used in the Five Star Quality Rating System calculation, CMS announced a new, targeted inspection plan to focus inspections on urgent patient safety threats and infection control, therefore causing a shift in the number of nursing homes inspected and how the inspections are conducted. In addition, in August 2020, CMS released a Medicaid Informational Bulletin that provided guidance to states on flexibilities that are available to increase Medicaid reimbursement for nursing facilities that implement specific infection control practices, such as designating a quarantine or isolation wing for COVID-19 patients.  Further, the Coronavirus Commission for Safety and Quality in Nursing Homes, a special task force created for the purpose of addressing the rising death toll of residents in nursing homes, issued recommendations in September 2020 with steps that both providers and regulators should take to address future pandemic conditions or public health emergencies.  

On June 16, 2020, the U.S. House of Representatives Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis announced the launch of an investigation into the COVID-19 response of nursing homes.  The Select Subcommittee is seeking information from CMS on the enforcement of health and safety regulations during the crisis, data collection, and provision of life-saving supplies.  Additionally, the Select Subcommittee is seeking documents and information from the five largest U.S. for-profit nursing home operators related to COVID-19 cases and deaths, testing, PPE, staffing levels and pay, legal violations, and efforts to prevent further infections, as well as additional transparency regarding the use of federal funds by nursing homes during the pandemic.  

Temporary Medicaid FMAP Increase. On March 18, 2020, the Families First Coronavirus Response Act was enacted in the U.S., providing a temporary 6.2% increase to each qualifying state and territory’s Medicaid Federal Medical Assistance Percentage (“FMAP”) effective January 1, 2020.  As part of the requirements for receivin